Which of the following is NOT one of the five effects of toxic leadership measured in the model?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT one of the five effects of toxic leadership measured in the model?

Explanation:
The model focuses on immediate, observable reactions employees show in response to toxic leadership. Absenteeism directly reflects how people cope by staying away from work under strain. Worrying captures the emotional and cognitive stress employees experience. Conversations with co-workers signal how staff discuss and process the situation, often sharing concerns or seeking support. Turnover, while it can result from toxic leadership over time, is a longer-term outcome and isn’t one of the immediate effects the model measures. So turnover isn’t included among the five effects in this model.

The model focuses on immediate, observable reactions employees show in response to toxic leadership. Absenteeism directly reflects how people cope by staying away from work under strain. Worrying captures the emotional and cognitive stress employees experience. Conversations with co-workers signal how staff discuss and process the situation, often sharing concerns or seeking support. Turnover, while it can result from toxic leadership over time, is a longer-term outcome and isn’t one of the immediate effects the model measures. So turnover isn’t included among the five effects in this model.

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